How Automatic Exchange of Crypto Tax Information is Transforming Global Tax Compliance
David Wallace 20 July 2025 13

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About CARF Implementation

The Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework (CARF) requires jurisdictions to implement legislation by December 2025, begin collecting data on January 1, 2026, and conduct the first data exchange in 2027.

EU Countries: Must transpose DAC8 by December 31, 2025, with reporting starting January 1, 2026.
US: Uses a reciprocal approach with the IRS requiring non-US brokers to report under CARF.
Other Jurisdictions: Must implement by December 2025 to align with the global framework.

Imagine a world where crypto traders can’t hide profits behind borders, and tax authorities instantly see every token sale, swap, or transfer. That’s the promise of the crypto tax information exchange that’s being rolled out across dozens of countries. In this guide we’ll break down what the new system is, who has to report, when it kicks in, and what it means for businesses, investors, and regulators.

TL;DR

  • The OECD’s Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework (CARF) extends the Common Reporting Standard to cover crypto‑assets.
  • 67 jurisdictions have pledged to adopt CARF by 2028; the EU must transpose DAC8 by end‑2025.
  • Reporting Crypto‑Asset Service Providers (RCASPs) collect detailed transaction data and send it to the taxpayer’s residence country each year.
  • Implementation deadlines: legislation by Dec2025, data collection starts Jan2026, first exchanges in 2027.
  • Compliance costs are high, but the system promises stronger tax enforcement and level‑playing‑field across markets.

What the Automatic Exchange Actually Is

At its core, the automatic exchange of crypto tax information is a coordinated global effort to make crypto‑related income visible to tax administrations worldwide. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) designed the Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework (CARF) as an extension of the Common Reporting Standard (CRS). While CRS already covers traditional financial accounts, CARF adds the same automatic data‑flow for digital assets-tokens, stablecoins, NFTs, and even derivative exposure.

Why CARF Was Needed

Crypto’s decentralized nature makes it easy to move assets across borders without a bank‑like intermediary. Tax authorities struggled to obtain reliable data, leading to a growing gap between crypto market growth and tax compliance. The G20 mandated the OECD to create a framework that would plug this gap, ensuring that the transparency gains from CRS are not eroded by the rise of digital assets.

Key Players and Their Roles

  • Reporting Crypto‑Asset Service Providers (RCASPs): Exchanges, custodians, and wallet providers that facilitate transactions. They must gather taxpayer details, transaction data, and self‑certification forms, then forward the XML payload to the taxpayer’s residence jurisdiction.
  • Taxpayers: Individuals or entities that earn income from buying, selling, staking, or earning yields on crypto‑assets. They are required to disclose that income on their domestic tax returns.
  • Jurisdictions: Any country that signs up to CARF. They receive foreign‑resident data from RCASPs and share their own resident data with other participating jurisdictions.
  • International bodies: The European Union (through DAC8), the United States Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and other tax administrations that adapt the OECD XML guide into national law.

Global Adoption Timeline

Adoption is moving fast. After a joint statement in November2023, 67 jurisdictions committed to have CARF in place by 2028, up from an initial 54‑jurisdiction pledge for 2027. The EU leads the pack with DAC8, the eighth amendment to the Directive on Administrative Cooperation. EU members must transpose DAC8 by 31December2025, with reporting obligations kicking in on 1January2026 and the first exchange of data slated for 2027.

The United States is taking a reciprocal approach: the IRS will require non‑U.S. brokers to report U.S. customer activity under CARF, while the IRS will feed information on U.S. persons back to other participating jurisdictions.

Reporting Obligations in Detail

CARF splits reporting into two buckets:

  1. Taxpayer‑level reporting: Individuals must disclose crypto‑related income (capital gains, staking rewards, airdrops, etc.) on their domestic tax returns.
  2. RCASP‑level reporting: Service providers must collect the following data for each customer:
    • Taxpayer’s name, address, Tax Identification Number (TIN), and jurisdiction of tax residence.
    • Details of each crypto‑asset transaction (date, type, amount, underlying asset identifier, value in local currency).
    • Self‑certification forms confirming the taxpayer’s residency status.
    • Whether the transaction involved an indirect investment (e.g., a derivative or pooled fund).

All data is transmitted annually in the OECD‑specified XML format, using the XML User Guide published in October2024. Jurisdictions must have systems in place to ingest, validate, and store these files before they can use the information for audit or risk‑based assessments.

Technical Implementation: The XML User Guide

Technical Implementation: The XML User Guide

The OECD’s XML schema adds about 20 new fields to the existing CRS format, reflecting the unique nature of crypto‑transactions. Key technical points:

  • Each transaction is captured as a separate <CryptoAssetTransaction> element, with child nodes for <AssetIdentifier>, <Quantity>, and <MarketValue>.
  • Self‑certification data is stored under <ResidencySelfCertification>, allowing tax authorities to verify the customer’s declared jurisdiction.
  • Derivative exposures are reported via a flag <IndirectExposure>, ensuring that funds of funds and tokenized securities are not left out.

Implementations must handle high‑volume data streams-large exchanges can generate millions of transaction records per year. Cloud‑based ETL pipelines, secure API endpoints, and robust validation rules are now a regulatory requirement.

Compliance Challenges and Costs

For crypto‑businesses, the biggest hurdle is upgrading legacy systems to capture the required data. A typical exchange might need to:

  1. Map on‑chain transaction hashes to off‑chain customer IDs.
  2. Integrate a KYC/AML layer that captures residency information at onboarding.
  3. Develop an XML‑generation module that produces the exact OECD schema.
  4. Establish secure transmission channels to each jurisdiction’s tax authority.

Cost estimates range from $500k to $2M for midsize platforms, depending on existing infrastructure. Smaller “crypto‑friendly” jurisdictions may still offer tax incentives, but they risk being left out of the data‑exchange network, which could reduce market liquidity for firms operating solely there.

Market Implications

Greater transparency is likely to shift trading volumes toward jurisdictions with lower compliance burdens, at least in the short run. However, as the network expands, the advantage of a tax‑haven approach erodes-foreign regulators can request data on their residents even if the actual trade occurs elsewhere.

Long‑term effects may include:

  • Reduced tax‑evasion opportunities, leading to higher reported crypto‑gains in national budgets.
  • More predictable regulatory environments, encouraging institutional investors to allocate larger capital pools.
  • Potential consolidation of exchanges, as only those able to meet reporting standards survive.

Future Outlook

CARF is still in its early rollout phase, but the OECD has already hinted at extensions. Possible future developments include:

  • Coverage of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) and electronic money products.
  • Automation of risk‑scoring models using AI to flag suspicious cross‑border flows.
  • Inclusion of non‑financial crypto services, such as NFT marketplaces and gaming platforms.

As more jurisdictions adopt the framework, the data pool will grow, enabling tax authorities to detect patterns and enforce compliance more efficiently than ever before.

Quick Reference Table: CARF vs. CRS

Key differences between CARF and the original CRS
Aspect CRS (pre‑2024) CARF (2024‑)
Scope of assets Bank accounts, securities, insurance contracts All crypto‑assets, including tokens, stablecoins, NFTs, and derivatives
Reporting entities Financial institutions, custodians, insurers Reporting Crypto‑Asset Service Providers (exchanges, custodians, DeFi platforms)
Data format CRS XML schema (approx. 150 fields) Extended CRS XML schema + ~20 crypto‑specific fields
Implementation deadline Varies by jurisdiction, many in place since 2017 Legislation by 2025, reporting starts 2026, exchanges 2027
Self‑certification Standard residency self‑certification Enhanced crypto‑specific self‑certification (wallet address, on‑chain identity)

Next Steps for Crypto Businesses

  1. Audit your current data capture processes. Identify gaps in residency, transaction‑type, and asset‑identifier fields.
  2. Engage a compliance tech vendor that supports the OECD CARF XML schema.
  3. Prepare internal policies for annual data submission to each jurisdiction where your users reside.
  4. Monitor jurisdictional legislation updates-especially DAC8 transposition deadlines.
  5. Run pilot reports with a tax authority sandbox (many EU tax agencies offer testing environments).

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the Crypto‑Asset Reporting Framework (CARF)?

CARF is the OECD’s extension of the Common Reporting Standard that obliges crypto‑asset service providers to collect and automatically exchange taxpayer‑level transaction data with the taxpayer’s residence country.

When does the first data exchange happen?

The first exchange is slated for the 2027 tax year. Jurisdictions must have legislation in place by the end of 2025 and start collecting data on 1January2026.

Are NFTs covered?

Yes. CARF treats non‑fungible tokens as crypto‑assets, so any sale, exchange, or royalty income from NFTs must be reported by the platform facilitating the transaction.

What if my platform operates in a jurisdiction that has not adopted CARF?

You would still need to comply with the reporting rules of the jurisdictions where your users reside. Non‑participating countries may still request data under bilateral agreements, so you should prepare for cross‑border reporting regardless of local adoption.

How does CARF affect individual crypto investors?

Investors will need to ensure their tax residency information is accurate on the platforms they use. Failure to report crypto income on domestic returns can trigger audits once the exchanged data is processed by tax authorities.